Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a modern era epidemic affecting millions of people worldwide. Oxidative stress is one of the major culprits behind occurrence of diabetes. Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Bignoniaceae); commonly known as Indian cork tree, is an ethnomedicinal plant used to treat various diseases such as asthma, fever, sinusitis, indigestion, cough, vomiting and diarrhoea as well as diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of M. hortensis flower. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, phytosterol, tannins, phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside, terpenoid, alkaloid and protein. Quantitative estimation revealed Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 81.14 ± 5.15 mg GAE/g and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 29.27 ± 2.53 mg QE/g. The α-amylase inhibitory activity was assessed through in vitro 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and starch-iodine assays and found to be concentration dependent in both the assays. The IC50 values of 28.87 ± 0.09 mg/mL (acarbose 8.38 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and 128.83 ± 3.29 mg/mL (acarbose 8.09 ± 0.01 mg/mL) were found for DNSA and Starch-iodine assays, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay with an IC50 value of 15.95 ± 2.04 mg/mL as compared to ascorbic acid having an IC50 value of 11.57 ± 7.61 mg/mL. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract revealed 56

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Diabetes mellitus has emerged as a modern era epidemic affecting millions of people worldwide. Oxidative stress is one of the major culprits behind occurrence of diabetes. Millingtonia hortensis L.f. (Bignoniaceae); commonly known as Indian cork tree, is an ethnomedicinal plant used to treat various diseases such as asthma, fever, sinusitis, indigestion, cough, vomiting and diarrhoea as well as diabetes. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of M. hortensis flower. Preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoid, phenol, phytosterol, tannins, phlobatannin, cardiac glycoside, terpenoid, alkaloid and protein. Quantitative estimation revealed Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 81.14 ± 5.15 mg GAE/g and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 29.27 ± 2.53 mg QE/g. The α-amylase inhibitory activity was assessed through in vitro 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) and starch-iodine assays and found to be concentration dependent in both the assays. The IC50 values of 28.87 ± 0.09 mg/mL (acarbose 8.38 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and 128.83 ± 3.29 mg/mL (acarbose 8.09 ± 0.01 mg/mL) were found for DNSA and Starch-iodine assays, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay with an IC50 value of 15.95 ± 2.04 mg/mL as compared to ascorbic acid having an IC50 value of 11.57 ± 7.61 mg/mL. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of methanol extract revealed 56

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Diabetes Mellitus is a significant contributor to chronic renal disorders and end-stage kidney disease, causing extensive alterations in renal tissue. Studies have shown a complex relationship between plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/ Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) levels and diabetes, but the mechanisms of PCSK9 action remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCSK9 on kidney function in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Twenty adult male Wistar rats (average weight 200 g) were randomly divided into four groups (five rats per group). Group A served as the control, Group B was induced with STZ (100 mg/kg) to establish diabetes, Group C received metformin (100 mg/kg), and Group D was treated with both metformin (100 mg/kg) and STZ (100 mg/kg). Metformin was administered orally, while STZ was given intraperitoneally.

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Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis (EGDKA) is somewhat a masked illness. It is a diagnostic challenge for the treating physician, as it can hide behind the most important factor leading to a suspicion of a ketoacidosis state – Hyperglycemia. Normal sugar levels, along with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and normal or decreased appetite should also raise a strong suspicion. SGLT-2 Inhibitor is already widely reported as the most common etiological factor leading to EGDKA. But we report a somewhat uncommon presentation of EGDKA in a patient with Adrenal Insufficiency. Much less reported but still prevalent, Adrenal Crisis induced EGDKA is a severe condition, but easily manageable if identified early and treated aggressively.

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Platelets play a major role in integrity of normal haematopoiesis, and mean platelet volume (MPV) is an indicator for its function. The large platelets contain more dense granules are more potent than smaller platelets and hence more thrombogenic. Both the size and number of granules in platelets in circulation are under independent hormonal control and do not change during the life span of the platelet. Increase in MPV has been documented in patients with metabolic syndrome, stroke and Diabetes mellitus (DM). Many studies have shown that increased MPV is one of the risk factors for myocardial infarction, cerebral ischemia and transient ischemic attacks. On the contrary, MPV is decreased in bone marrow failure. Both the situations are critical because high MPV can lead to blood clot formation and a low MPV may lead to bleeding or bruising. MPV, therefore, can be used as an important, effortless, simple and cost–effective tool for assessing functions of platelets and for predicting risk of cardiovascular diseases and the possibility of impending micro-vascular complications in Diabetes mellitus.

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Erectile Dysfunction (ED) is a problem of getting or keeping an erection hard enough to achieve satisfactory sexual performance. The global prevalence of ED is 3 – 76.5%. ED constitutes a large burden on society given its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. Diabetes is a common cause of organic ED. Prevalence rate of ED in diabetes range from 35 % to 85% depending on the study, versus 26% in general population. ED occurs 10-15 years earlier in men with diabetes than it does in sex-matched counterparts without diabetes. The pathophysiology of diabetes-induced Erectile Dysfunction is multi-factorial. It is related to age, duration of diabetes, body mass index and diabetic complications.

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Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common metabolic disorder of pregnancy, characterised by gestational hyperglycaemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance. GDM poses significant short- and long-term health risks for both mothers and their offspring. Emerging evidence highlights the transgenerational impact of maternal hyperglycaemia, linking the intrauterine metabolic environment to long-term alterations in offspring health. Children born to mothers with GDM are at increased risk of developing metabolic disorders, including obesity, insulin resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, as well as adverse neurodevelopment outcomes and cardiovascular abnormalities. This review synthesises current evidence on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these associations, including foetal programming, epigenetic modifications, and altered placental function. Understanding the intergenerational consequences of GDM is critical for developing preventive strategies and targeted interventions to mitigate long-term health risks in both mothers and their children.

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Vitamin D, the “sunshine vitamin” mainly benefits bones and muscles. Over the past few decades, it has generated lot of interest in scientific community regarding its extra skeletal health benefits. These benefits range from neurodegenerative diseases to metabolic conditions, cardiovascular disease, lung infection and cancer. The present short review will highlight its extra skeletal beneficial health effects in particular the present thinking on vitamin D and Diabetes mellitus.

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A class of metabolic disorders known as Diabetes is referred by hyperglycemia brought on by abnormalities in insulin production. Postprandial hyperglycemia is ultimately caused by the breakdown of starch by α-amylase, which also generates glucose. One possible treatment strategy for diabetes mellitus involves blocking the α-amylase enzyme to reduce postprandial increase in blood glucose levels. Many of the anti-diabetic drugs such as voglibose, acarbose, and miglitol act as α- amylase inhibitors. Nevertheless, their costs are high and their applications come with unfavourable consequences. Several studies demonstrated the efficacy, safety, and acceptance of natural products and medicinal plants as useful sources of novel anti-diabetic medicines

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Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapies, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual-acting GLP-1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP] receptor agonists, have the capacity to affect glycemia through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms encompass a decrease in food ingestion and postprandial glucagon secretion, a delay in gastric emptying, and an increase in glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The utilization of GLP-1-based therapy for the purpose of weight loss in adults who do not have diabetes is covered separately. The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) by dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors leads to an increase in endogenous GLP-1. Since it was discovered, GLP-1 has been shown to be a pleiotropic hormone that is responsible for a wide variety of metabolic functions. These functions extend far beyond its traditional classification as an incretin hormone

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