The statements, opinions, findings and conclusions published in Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences represent solely the views of the individual authors and contributors. They do not necessarily reflect the views, policies or positions of the Editorial Board, the publisher or Pacific Medical University.

The Editorial Board and the publisher expressly disclaim all legal responsibility and liability for any statement of fact, opinion, interpretation or recommendation contained in the articles and research papers published in this journal. Readers are advised to exercise their own professional judgement in applying any information contained in published articles to specific clinical, research or other situations.

The content published in Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences is intended for the purposes of scholarly communication, research dissemination and academic discourse. It is not intended to constitute medical advice, clinical guidance or a substitute for the professional judgement of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

Readers must not rely on the information published in this journal as the basis for clinical decision-making without independent verification and the exercise of appropriate professional judgement. Readers are strongly encouraged to confirm information published in this journal from other authoritative and independent sources before applying it in any clinical, research or professional context.

Pacific Medical University, the Editorial Board and the publisher accept no liability for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive loss, injury or damage arising from the use or misuse of information published in this journal. Publication of any article in this journal does not constitute an endorsement by the Editorial Board or the publisher of the views, findings or recommendations contained therein.

Authors of articles published in Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences retain the copyright of their work. All published content is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits sharing, reproduction and adaptation for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original authors and source.

No article, or any part thereof, published in Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences may be reproduced, republished, translated, adapted or distributed in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the editor, except as permitted under the terms of the applicable Creative Commons licence. The responsibility for obtaining permission to reproduce any third-party copyrighted material included in a submitted manuscript rests exclusively with the contributing author(s).

Authors are solely responsible for the accuracy, completeness and originality of the content they submit for publication. By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that:

• The work is original and has not been published previously in any form.
• The work is not under consideration for publication elsewhere at the time of submission.
• All data, findings and conclusions reported in the manuscript are accurate and have not been fabricated, falsified or misrepresented.
• All sources of information used in the preparation of the manuscript have been appropriately acknowledged and referenced.
• The necessary permissions have been obtained for the reproduction of any third-party copyright material included in the manuscript.
• The research described in the manuscript has been conducted in accordance with applicable ethical standards and guidelines.

The Editorial Board reserves the right to withdraw or retract any published article if it is subsequently determined that the above conditions have not been met.

Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences may include references or hyperlinks to third-party websites and external resources for the convenience of readers. The inclusion of such links does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation of the content, products or services offered by those third-party websites.

The journal accepts no responsibility for the accuracy, availability or content of any external website referenced or linked from its pages.

Pacific Journal of Medical and Health Sciences does not accept paid advertising or commercial sponsorship of any kind. The journal is entirely independent in its editorial decisions, which are made solely on the basis of scientific merit and the standards of the journal.

No commercial consideration influences the acceptance or rejection of manuscripts.

Where errors are identified in published articles, the journal is committed to issuing timely and transparent corrections. Corrections, expressions of concern or retractions will be published as required in accordance with the journal's Publication Ethics policy and the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

All corrections and retractions will be clearly linked to the original article.