Diabetes Mellitus is a significant contributor to chronic renal disorders and end-stage kidney disease, causing extensive alterations in renal tissue. Studies have shown a complex relationship between plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/ Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) levels and diabetes, but the mechanisms of PCSK9 action remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PCSK9 on kidney function in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methodology: Twenty adult male Wistar rats (average weight 200 g) were randomly divided into four groups (five rats per group). Group A served as the control, Group B was induced with STZ (100 mg/kg) to establish diabetes, Group C received metformin (100 mg/kg), and Group D was treated with both metformin (100 mg/kg) and STZ (100 mg/kg). Metformin was administered orally, while STZ was given intraperitoneally. Results: Diabetes led to increased kidney marker enzyme levels, with AST and ALT significantly elevated, indicating renal damage in STZ-induced diabetic rats. GPx and GSH levels were also elevated, while MDA concentrations were higher in the diabetic control group compared to the metformin-treated group. Metformin significantly reduced most biomarkers, restoring them to levels close to those of the control group, demonstrating its protective effect. Conclusion: Histological and biochemical findings confirm metformin’s ameliorative effect on kidney dysfunction, underscoring its renal protective role. Additionally, plasma PCSK9 levels are significantly higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic individuals, as observed in this and previous studies.

09-17

Adolescent hypertension is an emerging public health concern with serious long-term cardiovascular risks if left untreated. Early identification, awareness, and preventive measures are essential in managing this condition, particularly among healthcare providers who play a critical role in health promotion and patient education. Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and awareness of adolescent hypertension among student nurses at Kwara State College of Nursing, Oke-Ode, Kwara State, Nigeria. The research seeks to identify the students’ understanding of adolescent hypertension, their attitude towards its prevention, and their awareness of its long-term health consequences.

18-28

It is a difficult clinical scenario and a hard therapy to prosthodontically restore a single edentulous arch that opposes natural teeth. Three factors stand out in terms of functional success when it comes to a complete denture: support, stability, and retention. The most frequent issue with. Fractures are the most common problem in single complete dentures, particularly in maxillary single complete dentures that are positioned opposite mandibular natural teeth. In order to improve the strength of a complete denture and prevent fracture of the denture, metal mesh is used to reinforce the acrylic denture. Metal mesh reinforcement increases the denture's rigidity and disperses occlusal forces without breaking and it is also good and affordable alternative for cases with single complete denture. KEYWORDS: Unimaxillary edentulous arch, Balanced occlusal, Denture fracture, Metal mesh reinforcement.

29-37

Learning disabilities (LDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders that significantly impair the acquisition and use of academic skills such as reading, writing, and arithmetic, despite average intelligence and adequate educational exposure. This case report presents the psychological evaluation and therapeutic intervention of a 10-year-old male child, Master R.B., exhibiting persistent academic difficulties, particularly in reading, writing, and spelling, consistent with dyslexia and dysgraphia. Comprehensive assessment using the Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) and the NIMHANS Battery for Specific Learning Disability revealed average intellectual functioning (IQ 97) with specific deficits in phonological processing, written expression, reading fluency, and spelling accuracy, all falling two to three grade levels below his current academic placement. The report underscores the importance of early identification, individualized educational accommodations as per CBSE guidelines, and multidisciplinary interventions including structured literacy programs, cognitive training, and psychosocial support. Emphasis is also placed on culturally adaptive and strength-based approaches to foster resilience and holistic development in children with LDs.

38-43

A 21yr old male patient presented with cosmetic deformity of nose. He was operated for cleft palate at the age of 8yrs. Open septo-rhinoplasty involving spreader graft placement, tip refinement, columellar strut graft placement was performed. Postoperative improvement in tip projection, nasal airway and overall cosmesis was noted. KEYWORDS: Secondary rhinoplasty, Cleft lip, Cleft palate, External osteotomies, Open rhinoplasty PRESENTATION OF THE CASE A 21-year-oldmale presented to the outpatient department of ENT, PMCH, Udaipur with complaints of left nasal blockage since early childhood. There was no history of trauma, nasal bleeding, headache, or nasal discharge. The patient had been previously operated for cleft palate and cleft lip at the age of 8 years. On diagnostic nasal endoscopic examination, the patient had gross deviation of the nasal septum to the left side. Based on Mladina’s Classification, the septal deviation was of type 6. Cottle’s test and Modified Cottle’s test were positive suggesting both external and internal valve obstruction.

44-50

The successful outcome of the treatment of severely damaged tooth structure depends on good endodontic treatment followed by prosthodontic treatment. Excessive loss of dental hard tissues impairs the cosmetic quality of future prosthetic restorations. The purpose of prosthodontic and restorative dentistry is to repair missing tooth structure, preserve function and aesthetics, and prevent against fractures and infections. Endodontically treated teeth need extra care since they are brittle, and the remaining coronal tooth structure is usually insufficient to support complete crowns. To give foundation rehabilitation, posts and cores are utilised. For a long time, a cast metal post and core served as the foundation restoration for a prosthetic crown. When a significant percentage of tooth structure is lost or there is enough ferrule, a custom cast post and core is recommended.

51-55

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the commonest sustained cardiac rhythm disorder. It can be caused by a variety of disorders ranging from infection in the body to cardiac structural abnormalities. Around 1% of the global population is affected by this rhythm disorder and the prevalence is increasing significantly with advancement of age of population. The diagnosis rests on classical electrocardiographic features. The treatment is complex and multifaceted. It is essentially based on restoring normal rhythm when feasible, improving symptoms, managing hemodynamic abnormalities and treating the risk of thrombo-embolism. The present review focuses on historical aspect, its etiology and risk factors, pathophysiology and diagnosis with passing remarks on its management. KEYWORDS: Irregularly irregular pulse, Apex-pulse deficit, Atrial arrhythmia, Concealed conduction

56-77

Mental health disorders pose a significant global challenge, with traditional treatments such as psychotherapy and antidepressants often proving insufficient for many patients. In recent years, psychedelics have re-emerged as a promising alternative, offering potential breakthroughs in treating conditions like treatment-resistant depression, anxiety, PTSD, and addiction. Historically, psychedelics have been used in medical and religious contexts for centuries, but their therapeutic exploration was hindered by legal restrictions and societal stigma in the 20th century. Recent advancements in neuroscience and neuroimaging have reignited interest, revealing that psychedelics interact with serotonin receptors to induce altered states of consciousness, disrupt rigid thought patterns, and promote cognitive flexibility. Clinical trials, particularly with psilocybin, have demonstrated sustained antidepressant effects and therapeutic potential when administered in controlled settings. However, ethical and legal challenges, including stigma and regulatory barriers, must be addressed to ensure safe and effective implementation. Future research should focus on understanding the neurobiological mechanisms, long-term effects, and integration of psychedelics into mental health care, fostering a multidisciplinary approach to harness their full therapeutic potential. This paper explores the historical context, neurobiological mechanisms, current research, and ethical considerations surrounding psychedelics, highlighting their transformative role in mental health treatment.

78-80

The most widely used stain in histopathology is hematoxylin-eosin (H&E). Though this stain is more than a century old, no other stain has been able to replace it and it is still the most popular stain amongst histopathologists due to its ease of use and excellent contrast it imparts to tissues. Artefacts are appearances that are created falsely and have the capability to interfere with diagnosis if not identified. Source of Data: Textbooks of histological techniques along with PubMed database were thoroughly reviewed to obtain all literature pertaining to H & E stain and its associated artefacts.

81-86

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder that primarily affects synovial joints, which causes persistent pain, swelling, and if not treated promptly leads to joint deformities. This disorder is characterised by an immune system dysfunction that causes inflammation of synovial, cartilage degradation, and bone deformities and erosion. Genetic predisposition, environmental factors , and immune system dysfunction play significant roles in RA pathogenesis. Early diagnosis and detection are crucial, with clinical symptoms, serological markers, and imaging techniques. Treatment is mainly focused on reducing inflammation, reducing symptoms, and preventing joint damage and deformity. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), biologics, and Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are common therapeutic options, with methotrexate being the standard first-line treatment. Recent advances in targeted therapies have improved disease outcomes and quality of life , offering hope for long-term remission.

87-93

Over the past three decades or so, ‘Emotional Intelligence’ (EI) has made a substantial contribution to psychological research across the social sciences and beyond. As a human being in order to survive optimally in the increasingly difficult and complex situations around us, we generally need adequate level of intellectual functioning. However, apart from this intellectual or cognitive functioning, correct understanding of emotional functioning in others and ourselves does require adequate level of emotional or social intelligence as well. We believe that it is a very crucial element of our survival in grasping the emotional colors of the world, yet it has been predominately overlooked. In this commentary, we offer a reflection on this emerging concept of EI with respect to the parenting competence with the aim of fostering strong emotional connection of parents with their children. Due to its widespread recognition in the various sectors of social competence, the optimal level of emotional functioning in the parents are paving the way for the foundation of effective parenting practice.

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