Background: Phthalate esters are pervasive endocrine-disrupting chemicals implicated in metabolic and reproductive dysfunction. However, integrated evidence linking systemic bioenergetics, lipid dysregulation, and spermatogenic impairment under equidose subacute exposure remains limited. Objective: This study investigated the effects of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on systemic bioenergetics, lipid homeostasis, and testicular function in male rats. Methods: Fifty male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomized into five groups (n=10) and administered DEP, DBP, or DEHP (50mg/kg/day) orally for 30 days. Serum bioenergetic markers (G6PDH, LDH-X), lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL, HDL), semen parameters, and testicular histology were assessed. Results: Phthalate exposure induced a coordinated metabolic–reproductive disruption. G6PDH activity was significantly reduced, while LDH-X levels were elevated in DBP and DEHP groups, indicating impaired redox balance and cellular integrity. Atherogenic dyslipidaemia was evident, with increased TC, TG, and LDL alongside decreased HDL,

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Ciprofloxacin is a widely prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic; however, accumulating evidence indicates its potential to induce oxidative stress–mediated neurotoxicity. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) possesses potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This study investigated the protective effects of NSO against Ciprofloxacin-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and histological alterations in the brain of adult Wistar rats. Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6): control, NSO (1 ml/kg), Ciprofloxacin (500 mg/kg), and Ciprofloxacin + NSO. Treatments were administered orally for 14 days. Following treatment, brain tissues were harvested for biochemical assessment of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, including nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Histopathological evaluation of cortical tissues was also performed using standard staining techniques. Ciprofloxacin administration significantly increased nitric oxide and IL-1β levels and significantly reduced glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the control group (p < 0.05), indicating elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and impaired antioxidant defense. Histological examination revealed neuronal degeneration, cellular distortion, and disrupted cortical architecture in the Ciprofloxacin-treated group. Conversely, co-administration of NSO significantly attenuated the elevation in NO and IL-1β levels and restored GPx activity toward normal values (p < 0.05). Histologically, the combined treatment group showed marked improvement in neuronal integrity and cortical organization compared to the Ciprofloxacin-only group. NSO alone did not produce significant adverse changes compared to control. Nigella sativa oil mitigates Ciprofloxacin-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuro-histological damage in adult Wistar rats, likely through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These findings suggest that NSO may serve as a potential adjunct therapeutic agent to reduce fluoroquinolone-associated neurotoxicity.

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Aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) is widely recognized for its nephrotoxic potential, primarily due to its ability to induce oxidative stress and inflammation in renal tissues. The search for natural agents with protective properties has led to increased interest in Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aidan fruit), a plant known for its rich phenolic and antioxidant content. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Aidan fruit) on kidney function in adult male Wistar rats exposed to aluminum chloride. Methods: Thirty-five rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=7): Group 1 received distilled water (control), Group 2 was administered AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg), Group 3 received AlCl₃ + low-dose extract (250 mg/kg), Group 4 received AlCl₃ + high-dose extract (500 mg/kg), and Group 5 received AlCl₃ + donepezil (10 mg/kg). Toxicity was induced for 28 days and treatments lasted 14 days, after which animals were sacrificed following IACUC guidelines. The right of the kidney was homogenized in (5xW/V) of phosphate buffer solution, PH 7.4 for biochemical analysis and the left was fixed in 10% formalin for histology analysis. Results: Aluminum chloride administration induced marked alterations in renal biochemical indices and oxidative stress markers. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in serum sodium (F = 18.18, p = 0.00014), chloride (F = 27.45, p = 0.0000226), and creatinine levels (F = 9.39, p = 0.0020) among the experimental groups. In contrast, potassium (F = 2.46, p = 0.113) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (F = 1.485, p = 0.278) did not differ significantly between groups. Treatment with Tetrapleura tetraptera extract produced dose-dependent improvements in electrolyte balance and renal function, with the high-dose group showing marked restoration of chloride levels and preservation of renal histoarchitecture. Furthermore, oxidative stress analysis revealed significant differences in malondialdehyde (MDA) (F = 18.645, p = 0.0001) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (F = 9.206, p = 0.0025) levels among the experimental groups, while reduced glutathione (GSH) levels showed no statistically significant difference (F = 2.400, p = 0.1193). Treatment with Tetrapleura tetraptera extract attenuated oxidative stress and improved antioxidant status in a dose-dependent manner. Histological examination revealed severe glomerular and tubular degeneration in the toxic group, while treated groups, particularly the high-dose extract group, demonstrated substantial recovery and preservation of renal tissue integrity.

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Male reproductive dysfunction is strongly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, necessitating multi-target therapeutic strategies. This study comparatively evaluated the molecular interaction profiles of Eugenol and α-Tocopherol against key reproductive protein targets using an integrated in silico approach. Molecular docking was performed against Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, p53, IL-6, Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), followed by binding affinity and dissociation constant (Kd) estimation. The results demonstrated that α-Tocopherol consistently exhibited stronger binding affinities across most targets, with ΔG values of −6.9 kcal/mol (Bax), −6.7 kcal/mol (Bcl-2), −6.2 kcal/mol (Caspase-3), and −7.4 kcal/mol (p53), compared to Eugenol which showed weaker interactions (−5.0, −5.4, −4.5, and −4.2 kcal/mol, respectively). Corresponding dissociation constants further emphasized this disparity, with α-Tocopherol binding in the low micromolar range (3.7 × 10⁰–4.7 × 10¹ µM), whereas Eugenol predominantly exhibited higher micromolar values (7.8 × 10¹–9.8 × 10² µM). Notably, α-Tocopherol showed strong interactions with apoptotic regulators and GPx (−6.0 kcal/mol), while Eugenol displayed only moderate affinity for catalase (−5.6 kcal/mol) and IL-6 (−5.5 kcal/mol). Residue-level interaction analysis revealed that α-Tocopherol formed more extensive hydrophobic contacts and stable hydrogen bonds with key amino acids within binding pockets, contributing to enhanced binding stability. In contrast, Eugenol demonstrated fewer interactions and limited binding site engagement. These findings indicate that α-Tocopherol possesses a superior multi-target interaction profile across apoptotic, antioxidant, and inflammatory pathways, suggesting a more robust protective mechanism in the male reproductive system. This study highlights the potential of α-Tocopherol as a primary therapeutic candidate, while Eugenol may serve as a complementary antioxidant agent.

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Background: Dengue fever is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease, with an estimated 390 million infections annually. It is caused by four antigenically distinct Dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1–4) and transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti. Main Findings: The illness ranges from mild febrile episodes to severe Dengue characterized by plasma leakage, bleeding, or organ failure. Pathogenesis is driven by complex host–virus interactions, including antibody-dependent enhancement. Diagnosis relies on time-appropriate use of NS1 antigen, RT-PCR, and serology, complemented by haematocrit and platelet monitoring. Management is primarily supportive, with meticulous fluid therapy, avoidance of unnecessary transfusions, and close observation during the critical phase. Recent advances include WHO-endorsed TAK-003 vaccination, Wolbachia-based vector control, improved diagnostic algorithms, and emerging antiviral and monoclonal antibody candidates. Implications: Early recognition of warning signs, judicious fluid management, and implementation of vaccination and vector strategies are key to reducing morbidity and mortality. Research priorities include improved vaccines, therapeutics, and biomarkers for disease severity.

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Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is a common environmental and industrial product that is finally noted to be an endocrine-disrupting toxicant with dire effects on male reproductive health. Human and animal studies indicate that AlCl3 interferes with the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis in a variety of ways. On the hypothalamic level, it suppresses the secretion of calcium-dependent gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) thereby causing changes in the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In testes, aluminum affects the functioning of Leydig and Sertoli cells by blocking ion-dependent ATPases, gonadotropin receptor down-regulation, and steroidogenic enzyme disturbances resulting in the decreased production of testosterone and impaired sperm production. Its toxicity is associated with oxidative stress that is marked by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the stimulation of an apoptotic response. A typical histopathological outcome is the degeneration of seminiferous tubules, loss of germ cells, atrophy of Leydig cells and the decrease in sperm count, motility and viability. Flavonoids like quercetin, rutin and naringenin have protective properties involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, metal-chelating and anti-apoptotic properties. These compounds restore hormonal balance, antioxidant enzyme activity, testicular architecture and sperm quality by scavengers of ROS, Nrf2 pathway activation, and NF-kB signaling. In general, flavonoid-based interventions have potential to alleviate the effect of aluminum causing reproductive toxicity.

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Arterio-venous malformations of the pinna are a rare occurrence. They pose to the clinicians with an intriguing cosmetic defect, a feeling of unusual warmth and abnormal pulsations. In some situations, repeated episodes of bleeding become an issue of concern in some patients. The treatment however revolves around surgical excision with an addition of prior sclerotherapy or prior selective embolization. We report the case of a young female with a long-standing arteriovenous malformation involving the left ear pinna, which demonstrated rapid progression during pregnancy. The patient was successfully managed with complete surgical excision.

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